Is Perceived Gender Related to Contributions and Standing in Open-Source Software Projects?

— What If?

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What if all unknown developers are women?

Contribution statistics if all unknown developers are women.


Centrality statistics if all unknown developers are women.


Table 1. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the co-change networks using the eigenvector centrality if all unknown developers are women. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular-0.0030.983*0.0060.479-0.0070.6950.0230.514*0.703*-0.021
Atom-0.0381.354*-0.0090.501-0.0390.721-0.0160.420*0.642*-0.003
Bootstrap0.094*1.741*-0.0010.6070.0930.748-0.0020.250*0.632*-0.012
Cookiecutter-0.0501.371*-0.0350.322-0.0490.574-0.0430.1120.504*-0.061
dbatools0.105*1.201*0.030*0.4070.1230.5760.0820.404*0.659*0.141*
Deno0.018*1.456*-0.0030.7980.0430.878-0.0100.402*0.675*-0.025
Electron-0.0131.444*0.0030.600-0.0170.7800.0060.098*0.671*-0.053
Ghost0.050*1.094*-0.0090.4960.0750.696-0.0190.335*0.700*0.059*
Keras-0.0101.568*0.0020.661-0.0200.8160.0060.171*0.477*-0.056*
Moby-0.0081.569*-0.009*0.557-0.0140.747-0.0260.336*0.653*-0.046*
Next.js0.014*1.153*-0.0020.8240.0370.903-0.0060.134*0.321*-0.014
Nextcloud-0.0100.407*0.0020.158-0.0240.4070.0060.287*0.304*-0.043
React0.031*2.034*-0.0050.5460.0620.723-0.0180.280*0.515*-0.050*
Redux-0.0201.903*-0.0150.238-0.0250.488-0.0240.394*0.405*0.019
Reveal.js0.228*1.636*-0.065*0.5980.1960.669-0.0790.279*0.524*-0.075
TensorFlow0.0001.232*0.0000.7940.0010.891-0.0010.330*0.725*-0.083*
Three.js0.040*1.785*0.0040.7070.0790.8180.0140.242*0.487*0.000
TypeScript0.023*1.691*-0.022*0.6430.0360.785-0.0520.448*0.696*-0.027
VS Code-0.015*0.570*-0.0030.502-0.0440.723-0.0140.439*0.625*-0.029
Vue0.043*1.790*-0.0100.5840.0750.745-0.0360.334*0.467*-0.004
Table 2. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the co-change networks using the hierarchy centrality if all unknown developers are women. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular-0.022*0.776*-0.0010.379-0.0540.630-0.0030.465*0.774*-0.020
Atom-0.090*1.189*-0.037*0.437-0.0970.688-0.0680.274*0.761*0.046
Bootstrap0.056*1.652*0.0100.5790.0580.7430.0160.155*0.715*0.056
Cookiecutter-0.0981.305*0.0650.339-0.0980.5850.0800.0340.578*-0.002
dbatools0.064*1.049*0.019*0.3330.0800.5400.0550.304*0.680*0.069*
Deno-0.017*1.228*-0.0020.674-0.0450.834-0.0090.273*0.759*-0.046
Electron-0.0171.357*0.0020.568-0.0230.7600.0050.0270.753*-0.039
Ghost0.0100.991*-0.0020.4680.0170.683-0.0050.328*0.789*0.090*
Keras-0.0101.476*0.0060.673-0.0230.8200.025-0.0360.524*-0.038
Moby-0.027*1.164*-0.0070.406-0.0560.645-0.0230.247*0.715*-0.008
Next.js0.0061.036*0.0000.7690.0160.876-0.0010.172*0.414*-0.063*
Nextcloud-0.0080.656*0.0050.337-0.0170.5890.0130.440*0.674*-0.133*
React0.0071.811*-0.0050.4900.0150.695-0.0180.379*0.608*-0.091*
Redux0.0081.790*-0.0130.2280.0090.475-0.0220.156*0.436*-0.077
Reveal.js0.233*1.660*-0.056*0.6500.1970.704-0.0690.236*0.543*-0.078
TensorFlow-0.012*1.068*-0.0010.518-0.0500.725-0.0090.144*0.846*-0.040*
Three.js0.031*1.772*0.0030.6880.0600.8130.0110.094*0.588*-0.014
TypeScript-0.0181.158*-0.014*0.475-0.0380.701-0.0430.428*0.757*-0.020
VS Code-0.023*0.550*-0.0040.459-0.0680.700-0.0170.393*0.723*-0.056*
Vue0.061*1.783*-0.0120.5860.0840.741-0.0380.117*0.509*-0.054
Table 3. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the issue networks using the eigenvector centrality if all unknown developers are women. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular0.012*1.081*0.0000.0540.0960.2100.0020.241*0.488*-0.070*
Atom0.008*0.649*0.0000.0370.0500.185-0.0040.204*0.367*-0.028*
Bootstrap0.001*1.030*0.000*0.6190.0080.7860.0070.040*0.425*-0.014*
Cookiecutter0.0101.236*0.013*0.4100.0240.6320.0450.428*0.409*0.058*
dbatools0.013*1.434*0.004*0.5260.0330.7160.0210.170*0.588*0.017
Deno0.0001.007*-0.0010.736-0.0010.858-0.0110.072*0.656*0.004
Electron0.004*0.818*-0.001*0.4580.0290.674-0.0130.366*0.466*-0.048*
Ghost0.0031.339*0.007*0.3610.0120.5940.0530.496*0.429*-0.028*
Keras0.004*1.192*0.0000.2030.0390.4460.0040.295*0.415*-0.030*
Moby0.002*1.127*0.0000.5180.0150.719-0.0050.211*0.500*-0.045*
Next.js0.002*0.728*-0.001*0.4520.0170.671-0.0190.340*0.495*-0.024*
Nextcloud0.001*1.507*-0.001*0.5670.0100.752-0.0110.254*0.558*-0.049*
React0.002*1.248*-0.001*0.5640.0130.749-0.0180.304*0.446*-0.058*
Redux-0.0021.939*-0.0020.400-0.0090.632-0.014-0.098*0.390*-0.019
Reveal.js0.020*1.042*-0.0010.3100.0670.545-0.0030.410*0.265*-0.050*
TensorFlow0.000*0.265*0.000*0.0360.0070.188-0.007-0.100*0.430*-0.036*
Three.js0.005*1.215*0.0000.6670.0220.814-0.003-0.092*0.546*-0.038*
TypeScript0.006*1.424*0.0000.1200.0560.338-0.0020.368*0.490*-0.014*
VS Code0.001*1.060*0.000*0.1560.0280.393-0.0070.140*0.395*0.000
Vue0.001*0.531*0.0000.2000.0120.445-0.0060.265*0.340*0.002
Table 4. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the issue networks using the hierarchy centrality if all unknown developers are women. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular0.006*0.651*0.0000.0270.0590.1520.0030.292*0.506*-0.091*
Atom0.006*0.786*-0.0010.0450.0360.209-0.0070.177*0.410*-0.066*
Bootstrap0.001*0.785*0.0000.3700.0070.6080.0050.138*0.469*-0.042*
Cookiecutter-0.0061.011*0.0000.305-0.0150.5540.0020.285*0.520*0.035*
dbatools0.0031.212*0.006*0.4260.0090.6480.0330.169*0.611*0.013
Deno-0.002*0.920*-0.0010.652-0.0160.809-0.0110.087*0.603*0.017
Electron0.002*0.633*0.0000.3080.0160.554-0.0050.286*0.499*-0.067*
Ghost-0.0011.133*0.008*0.277-0.0070.5200.0560.309*0.526*-0.011
Keras0.003*0.997*0.0000.1370.0290.3670.0080.182*0.472*-0.027*
Moby0.0000.751*0.0000.2860.0010.535-0.0020.278*0.511*-0.072*
Next.js0.0010.566*-0.001*0.2810.0100.530-0.0150.341*0.501*-0.051*
Nextcloud-0.0011.140*0.0000.419-0.0060.647-0.0060.138*0.561*-0.055*
React0.0000.866*-0.001*0.3050.0010.552-0.0200.237*0.495*-0.094*
Redux-0.0011.470*-0.0020.266-0.0050.516-0.0130.072*0.428*-0.063*
Reveal.js0.011*0.961*0.0000.2690.0400.5130.0010.148*0.369*-0.046*
TensorFlow0.001*0.150*0.0000.0110.0120.106-0.004-0.066*0.501*-0.042*
Three.js0.004*0.986*0.0000.5930.0200.768-0.0030.022*0.587*-0.072*
TypeScript0.003*1.101*0.0000.0780.0340.2750.0010.275*0.532*-0.037*
VS Code0.001*0.737*0.000*0.0760.0180.275-0.0050.148*0.411*-0.025*
Vue0.0010.479*0.0000.1630.0100.402-0.0070.240*0.441*-0.056*
Table 5. Results of the multiple linear regression over all projects if all unknown developers are women. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5\%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Configuration Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Co-change-Eigenvector0.018*1.152*-0.0010.4640.0340.672-0.0040.307*0.529*-0.022*
Co-change-Hierarchy-0.0021.038*-0.0010.427-0.0040.654-0.0050.117*0.646*-0.032*
Issue-Eigenvector0.003*1.043*0.000*0.3490.0260.589-0.0020.184*0.389*-0.046*
Issue-Hierarchy0.002*0.818*0.0000.2410.0140.490-0.0010.158*0.456*-0.056*

What if all unknown developers are men?

Contribution statistics if all unknown developers are men.


Centrality statistics if all unknown developers are men.


Table 6. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the co-change networks using the eigenvector centrality if all unknown developers are men. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular-0.0030.981*0.032*0.481-0.0070.6930.0500.514*0.703*0.028
Atom-0.0361.352*-0.0190.501-0.0380.720-0.0190.420*0.642*0.031
Bootstrap0.094*1.739*-0.0180.6080.0930.747-0.0110.250*0.632*-0.111*
Cookiecutter-0.0671.363*0.0920.324-0.0650.5710.0600.1120.504*0.031
dbatools0.115*1.221*-0.0210.4010.1350.585-0.0250.404*0.659*0.038
Deno0.017*1.457*0.0100.7980.0430.8780.0160.402*0.675*0.055
Electron-0.0091.440*0.033*0.602-0.0120.7770.0450.098*0.671*0.027
Ghost0.050*1.100*-0.0150.4970.0760.700-0.0250.335*0.700*0.188*
Keras-0.0091.530*0.030*0.665-0.0180.7960.0640.171*0.477*0.062*
Moby-0.0071.571*-0.0080.556-0.0120.748-0.0160.336*0.653*0.017
Next.js0.014*1.153*0.0010.8240.0370.9040.0010.134*0.321*0.027
Nextcloud-0.0100.406*0.0020.158-0.0250.4060.0020.287*0.304*-0.028
React0.032*2.040*0.0000.5460.0650.7250.0000.280*0.515*0.054*
Redux-0.0181.906*-0.0560.238-0.0230.489-0.0340.394*0.405*-0.004
Reveal.js0.228*1.652*-0.0550.5930.1960.675-0.0350.279*0.524*-0.039
TensorFlow0.0001.232*-0.0010.7940.0010.891-0.0050.330*0.725*0.069*
Three.js0.040*1.785*0.0060.7060.0780.8180.0070.242*0.487*0.024
TypeScript0.021*1.700*-0.0220.6410.0330.789-0.0290.448*0.696*0.082*
VS Code-0.014*0.570*-0.0030.502-0.0420.724-0.0080.439*0.625*0.001
Vue0.045*1.796*0.0010.5830.0770.7470.0010.334*0.467*-0.056
Table 7. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the co-change networks using the hierarchy centrality if all unknown developers are men. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular-0.021*0.775*0.032*0.382-0.0510.6290.0570.465*0.774*0.028
Atom-0.078*1.181*-0.0260.433-0.0840.683-0.0280.274*0.761*0.027
Bootstrap0.054*1.652*-0.0050.5790.0560.743-0.0030.155*0.715*-0.111*
Cookiecutter-0.124*1.298*0.183*0.348-0.1240.5820.1240.0340.578*0.096
dbatools0.072*1.060*-0.0310.3320.0900.546-0.0390.304*0.680*0.019
Deno-0.016*1.231*-0.0200.675-0.0440.836-0.0350.273*0.759*0.049
Electron-0.0151.354*0.0190.569-0.0210.7590.0260.0270.753*0.055*
Ghost0.0110.996*-0.0110.4680.0180.686-0.0200.328*0.789*0.225*
Keras-0.0091.424*0.044*0.681-0.0200.7910.101-0.0360.524*0.053*
Moby-0.027*1.165*-0.0110.406-0.0540.646-0.0230.247*0.715*0.040*
Next.js0.0061.036*0.0010.7690.0160.8760.0030.172*0.414*0.004
Nextcloud-0.0090.654*0.0020.337-0.0190.5880.0020.440*0.674*-0.049
React0.0081.815*-0.0080.4900.0170.696-0.0120.379*0.608*0.061*
Redux0.0091.793*-0.0310.2280.0100.475-0.0190.156*0.436*0.020
Reveal.js0.231*1.675*-0.0440.6470.1950.710-0.0290.236*0.543*-0.095
TensorFlow-0.012*1.068*-0.0030.518-0.0490.725-0.0150.144*0.846*0.095*
Three.js0.031*1.772*0.0050.6880.0600.8130.0060.094*0.588*-0.011
TypeScript-0.020*1.169*-0.032*0.476-0.0420.708-0.0540.428*0.757*0.094*
VS Code-0.022*0.550*-0.0030.458-0.0660.700-0.0080.393*0.723*-0.021
Vue0.064*1.790*0.0040.5850.0880.7440.0040.117*0.509*-0.009
Table 8. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the issue networks using the eigenvector centrality if all unknown developers are men. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular0.012*1.079*0.009*0.0570.0950.2090.0490.241*0.488*0.016*
Atom0.008*0.649*0.0000.0370.0510.185-0.0030.204*0.367*-0.004
Bootstrap0.001*1.030*0.0000.6190.0070.7860.0000.040*0.425*-0.010*
Cookiecutter0.0091.242*-0.0070.4080.0230.635-0.0130.428*0.409*0.051*
dbatools0.013*1.438*0.012*0.5260.0310.7180.0230.170*0.588*0.042*
Deno0.0001.008*-0.004*0.737-0.0010.859-0.0170.072*0.656*-0.031*
Electron0.004*0.818*-0.001*0.4570.0300.674-0.0080.366*0.466*0.019*
Ghost0.0021.329*0.014*0.3610.0080.5890.0560.496*0.429*0.034*
Keras0.004*1.189*0.004*0.2040.0400.4450.0380.295*0.415*-0.012*
Moby0.002*1.127*-0.0010.5180.0160.719-0.0040.211*0.500*0.013*
Next.js0.002*0.727*0.0000.4520.0190.6710.0010.340*0.495*-0.019*
Nextcloud0.001*1.507*-0.0010.5670.0110.752-0.0050.254*0.558*0.035*
React0.002*1.248*-0.002*0.5630.0170.749-0.0100.304*0.446*0.006
Redux-0.0021.940*0.0010.399-0.0070.6320.003-0.098*0.390*-0.021*
Reveal.js0.020*1.042*-0.0020.3100.0670.545-0.0070.410*0.265*-0.010
TensorFlow0.000*0.265*0.0000.0360.0070.188-0.004-0.100*0.430*0.003
Three.js0.005*1.215*0.0010.6670.0220.8140.005-0.092*0.546*-0.028*
TypeScript0.006*1.424*0.002*0.1200.0570.3380.0110.368*0.490*-0.003
VS Code0.001*1.060*0.0000.1560.0290.393-0.0020.140*0.395*0.003
Vue0.001*0.531*-0.0010.2000.0120.446-0.0040.265*0.340*0.003
Table 9. Results of the multiple linear regression for all projects with the coreness values derived from the issue networks using the hierarchy centrality if all unknown developers are men. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Project Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Angular0.006*0.649*0.009*0.0300.0580.1510.0590.292*0.506*0.013*
Atom0.006*0.786*-0.0010.0450.0370.208-0.0050.177*0.410*-0.022*
Bootstrap0.001*0.785*0.0000.3700.0060.6080.0040.138*0.469*-0.003
Cookiecutter-0.0051.011*-0.0060.305-0.0150.554-0.0110.285*0.520*0.025
dbatools0.0031.218*0.0090.4250.0070.6510.0170.169*0.611*0.027
Deno-0.002*0.921*-0.006*0.652-0.0170.810-0.0280.087*0.603*-0.029*
Electron0.002*0.634*-0.002*0.3080.0170.554-0.0150.286*0.499*0.015*
Ghost-0.0021.126*0.012*0.277-0.0120.5170.0490.309*0.526*0.054*
Keras0.003*0.993*0.004*0.1380.0300.3650.0380.182*0.472*-0.003
Moby0.0000.752*-0.0010.2860.0010.535-0.0050.278*0.511*0.006
Next.js0.001*0.566*0.0000.2810.0110.5300.0000.341*0.501*-0.017*
Nextcloud-0.0011.141*-0.0010.419-0.0050.648-0.0070.138*0.561*0.032*
React0.0010.866*-0.002*0.3050.0050.552-0.0130.237*0.495*0.002
Redux-0.0011.471*0.0010.266-0.0030.5160.0030.072*0.428*-0.032*
Reveal.js0.011*0.961*-0.0030.2690.0390.513-0.0090.148*0.369*-0.014
TensorFlow0.001*0.150*0.0000.0110.0120.106-0.003-0.066*0.501*0.007*
Three.js0.004*0.986*0.003*0.5930.0200.7680.0110.022*0.587*-0.031*
TypeScript0.003*1.101*0.002*0.0780.0340.2750.0160.275*0.532*-0.003
VS Code0.001*0.737*0.0000.0760.0180.275-0.0020.148*0.411*0.000
Vue0.0010.479*-0.0010.1630.0110.402-0.0050.240*0.441*-0.015*
Table 10. Results of the multiple linear regression over all projects if all unknown developers are men. The values represent the estimates for each factor and a * means that the result is statistically significant with a significance level of 5\%. Also we present the standardized beta coefficient of the factors in the linear regression model and a Spearman correlation coefficient between the factors and the coreness of developers.
Linear Regression Beta Coefficients Spearman Correlation
Configuration Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender R-Squared Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender Active Time Number of
Contributions
Gender
Co-change-Eigenvector0.018*1.152*0.0010.4640.0340.6720.0020.307*0.529*0.045*
Co-change-Hierarchy-0.0021.038*-0.0010.427-0.0030.654-0.0020.117*0.646*0.054*
Issue-Eigenvector0.003*1.043*0.001*0.3490.0270.5890.0040.184*0.389*-0.008*
Issue-Hierarchy0.002*0.818*0.001*0.2410.0150.4900.0050.158*0.456*-0.003*